Cadet Visor. Scream Fortress VII. Promotional. B'aaarrgh-n-Bicorne. B'aaarrgh-n-Britches. Death Racer's Helmet.The Powerjack is a community-created melee weapon for the Pyro. It is an antique automobile jack with a team-colored car battery strapped to its base with tan leather straps. This weapon deals identical damage to the Fire Axe, and upon killing an enemy with this weapon, the player is awarded 25 health. While this weapon is active, the player is ...Patches ( latest) ← March 29, 2022 Patch. March 30, 2022 Patch. June 21, 2022 Patch →. Source: Team Fortress 2 Update Released.Giddyup now — to hell! The Dead Head is a community-created cosmetic item for the Spy. It gives the Spy a white skull mask strapped around his head with a dark brown band, which goes over his default balaclava. The Dead Head was contributed to the Steam Workshop.The Chicken Kiev is a community-created cosmetic item for the Heavy. It replaces the Heavy's head with that of a team-colored Red Army Robin . The head comes with fully-enabled facial flexing for voice commands and responses, and equipping it enables additional voice lines . This item can only be worn around Halloween or during a Full Moon; at ...Administrator responses. Administrator responses are contextually triggered lines that play after something important happens in a match, for instance when the Intelligence has been picked up or how many seconds of the game there are left. All of the Administrator 's lines can be heard below.Primary Objectives: The most common type of Primary Objective is to score 100 Contract Points on the Contract by normal Team Fortress 2 point scoring; but usually with a map, class, or role restriction and with a redefined CP valuation ( e.g., Score points as Pyro: 2 CP ). Even though the game point scores that count for a Primary Objective can ...TF2 didn't start with a lot of story. There wasn't room for one. But as the updates got more ambitious, we found the perfect way to explore the mercs' world: comics. Over the years, the comics have spawned ancillary characters, then assistants to the ancillary characters. Companies mentioned in passing became global empires three generations old.The Saxton is a cosmetic item for all classes. It is a wide-brimmed Akubra with a hatband fitted with crocodile teeth in slots and a small tear on the edge of the brim. It is nearly identical to the hat Saxton Hale wears in the Jungle Inferno SFM trailer. This item is awarded to players who complete the Brazil contract's primary objective under ...Get the most recent info and news about Every Two Minutes on HackerNoon, where 10k+ technologists publish stories for 4M+ monthly readers. Get the most recent info and news about Every Two Minutes on HackerNoon, where 10k+ technologists pub...Jul 29, 2022 · Rocko is a community-created cosmetic item for the Sniper. It is a small green crocodile that stays on the Sniper's left shoulder and behind his neck. When players equipped with this item kill an enemy unassisted by another player, the killfeed shows everyone in Pyroland that it gets the assist, with its custom name if it has one. October 9, 2023 - TF2 Team. An update to Team Fortress 2 has been released. The update will be applied automatically when you restart Team Fortress 2. …From Team Fortress Wiki. Jump to: navigation, search. Main article: Audio cues. This category consists of a list of audio cues, small sound effects that will play to alert players of certain events. Media in category "Audio cues" The following 87 files are in …Saxton Hale is a daring Australian, President and CEO of Mann Co., the star of many comics series, and the playable boss character in Versus Saxton Hale. He is considered the fourth richest man in the USA. He was the sixth richest man in the US, but surpassed the fifth by wealth and the fourth by killing him in a harpoon duel.Operation Madness vs Machines. Operation Madness vs Machines was a hybrid Contest-Charity-Campaign community Mann vs Machine event organized and hosted by Potato's Custom MvM Servers that was announced on January 11, 2019, and concluded on July 9, 2020.The Paint Can is a tool item. It is represented by one or two metal cans with a label on the side, filled with paint of its designated color; some of the paint ran down the exterior and created a small puddle. Single cans have a blank label, while double cans have one with the RED logo and the other one with the BLU logo on their labels.Shovel ( Frying Pan, Saxxy, Conscientious Objector, Freedom Staff, Bat Outta Hell, Memory Maker, Ham Shank, Golden Frying Pan, Necro Smasher, Crossing Guard, Prinny Machete) · Equalizer · Pain Train · Half-Zatoichi · Disciplinary Action · Market Gardener · Escape Plan. Kill taunt. Grenade. Abilities.Dec 5, 2022 · Hat. The Partizan is a community-created cosmetic item for the Pyro. It gives the Pyro a team-colored flat cap adorned with a button of their class emblem and two bags attached to their left belt, one of which holds a Molotov cocktail stuffed with cloth that sways with the player's movements. The Partizan was contributed to the Steam Workshop. War Paints are an item type that was added in the Jungle Inferno Update to replace campaign weapon drops and weapon cases, and was first showcased on Day 2 of the update. When a War Paint is inspected, it can be previewed on a weapon, and applied to create a new unique weapon with the selected pattern. War Paints and War Painted weapons have ... Cheats. Not to be confused with Cheating, which are third-party programs designed to give the user an advantage over the other players. Cheatin' only gets ya so far. There are a number of cheats players can use on servers set to sv_cheats 1. Cheats can be used for a variety of applications. The Administrator, whose given name is Helen, [1] who was also originally known as Announcer or The Voice [2] because of the character's role as Announcer, manages the affairs of both the RED and BLU companies and their teams of mercenaries, as well as TF Industries. She is the source of the mysterious, disembodied female voice that issues ...5 gen 2014 ... ... Official Team Fortress Wiki<br> archived 5 Jan 2014 22:03:26 UTC </a>. wiki code. {{cite web | title = Team Fortress Wiki - Official TF2 Wiki ...Tornado is a Killstreaker added in the Two Cities Update. It appears as rapidly spinning tornadoes emitting from the player's eyes. This template uses translation switching. The correct language will be displayed automatically. Localized versions of this template (e.g. Template:Killstreakers/ru) are not necessary.navigation search. Reskins are weapons that are functionally and statistically identical to pre-existing weapons, but differ in their visual appearance. This category excludes weapons of decorated quality. Reskinned weapons include Festive, Botkiller and Australium variations as well as promotional items.Since the release of Team Fortress 2, various pieces of merchandise – such as mousepads, posters, and clothing – have been made available for purchase through the Team Fortress 2 catalog of the Valve Store. Most of the merchandise depicts the various characters, weapons and hats found throughout the Team Fortress 2 universe.Oof ouch owie. — Beaten and Bruised publicity blurb. ”. The Beaten and Bruised is a community-created cosmetic item for all classes. It adds various injuries and bandages to the wearer's face, which differ between each class: The Scout has a band-aid over his nose, and below his left cheek. As his injuries worsen, he gains a black right eye ...Mann Up is the official version of the Mann vs. Machine game mode that allows players to receive items upon finishing a mission. The mode is accessible only by owning a Tour of Duty Ticket, a tool that allows entry into official Mann Up servers, which is consumed upon finishing a mission.A Squad Surplus Voucher is presentable as well, giving all players in …The Bootlegger is a community-created primary weapon for the Demoman. It is a single pirate's boot and a peg leg that replace the Demoman's standard boots. This weapon functions identically to the Ali Baba's Wee Booties . The Bootlegger was later contributed to the Steam Workshop, at Valve 's request. The backpack icon was …A Reggaelator drop. The item drop system is the process of item distribution within Team Fortress 2. It distributes a random item to players on a regular basis until a weekly time-cap is reached. This system was first introduced with the Sniper vs. Spy Update to change distribution from being dependent upon achievements.Hat. The Partizan is a community-created cosmetic item for the Pyro. It gives the Pyro a team-colored flat cap adorned with a button of their class emblem and two bags attached to their left belt, one of which holds a Molotov cocktail stuffed with cloth that sways with the player's movements. The Partizan was contributed to the Steam Workshop.The Breakneck Baggies are a community-created cosmetic item for all classes. It is a pair of black, loose-fitting three quarter jogging pants with a white waistband that has two drawstrings, and two vertical white lines running along the length of both legs. The Breakneck Baggies were contributed to the Steam Workshop.The Spiral Sallet ( /'spaɪræl/ /'sælɪt/ speye-ral sal-it) is a promotional cosmetic item for all classes. It is based on the Mighty Cobalt Helm from the video game Spiral Knights; a medieval knight's sallet war helmet decorated with team-colored paint and a fluffy plume. When worn by the Demoman and Heavy, the hat's bevor is removed.Offensive classes ( Scout, Soldier, and Pyro) are the main attack force of the team. Whether it is assaulting Control Points or grabbing the Intelligence, these classes focus on mobility. Scouts have the ability to …L'Etranger is the French title of an existentialist novel, written by Albert Camus, in which an emotionally-detached French Algerian murders an Arab with a handgun. The main character of the book is …To date, there have been only four patches to Team Fortress 2 on Xbox 360 and one patch on PlayStation 3, compared to the 777 patches that have been released to Windows, macOS, and Linux since 2007. February 9, 2023 - TF2 Official Blog updated. Attention, Steam Workshop Creators!The Assassin class of Monday Night Combat has a promotional item with the Spy's disguise mask and the Scout 's headset named "Bonk! Slash!". The Spy, together with the Heavy and Pyro, feature as a single character named "Team Fortress" in the PC version of Sonic & All-Stars Racing Transformed. Spy flies the airplane.The Administrator, whose given name is Helen, [1] who was also originally known as Announcer or The Voice [2] because of the character's role as Announcer, manages the affairs of both the RED and BLU companies and their teams of mercenaries, as well as TF Industries. She is the source of the mysterious, disembodied female voice that issues ...Dec 5, 2010 · Several updates have since added additional cosmetics, including those designed and submitted by members of the Team Fortress 2 community through the Steam Workshop or the former contribution page on the TF2 Official Website. There are currently a total of 1795 cosmetic items. 58 can be obtained in Vintage quality, 280 can be obtained in ... The Frying Pan is a promotional melee weapon for all classes with the exception of the Engineer and the Spy. It is based on the Frying Pan from the video game Left 4 Dead 2; a seasoned cast-iron skillet with a small dent on the underside. This weapon functions identically to the wielder's default melee weapon, but with an added cosmetic ...Mar 16, 2020 - Spy - Official TF2 Wiki | Official Team Fortress Wiki. ... Spy - Official TF2 Wiki | Official Team Fortress Wiki Steven Universe Pictures, Simple ...Well, back to the front. A Tour of Duty is a collection of missions that may span multiple maps in Mann vs. Machine official servers [1]. Released in the relative update, they are available only on servers which run Mann Up Mode; a Tour of Duty Ticket is required to participate in a Tour of Duty. Squad Surplus Vouchers can be used as well.The Spiral Sallet ( /'spaɪræl/ /'sælɪt/ speye-ral sal-it) is a promotional cosmetic item for all classes. It is based on the Mighty Cobalt Helm from the video game Spiral Knights; a medieval knight's sallet war helmet decorated with team-colored paint and a fluffy plume. When worn by the Demoman and Heavy, the hat's bevor is removed.Available Qualities. Robot Parts are crafting ingredients used in Specialized or Professional Killstreak Kit Fabricators to create a Specialized or Professional Killstreak Kit. Each are represented by various apparent gadgets and apparatuses ripped from the Robots . Common Robot Parts (Reinforced and Battle-Worn) are used in the fabrication of ...Team Fortress 2 Nine distinct classes provide a broad range of tactical abilities and personalities. Constantly updated with new game modes, maps, equipment and, most importantly, hats! Recent Reviews: Very Positive (10,111) All Reviews: Very Positive (996,397) Release Date: Oct 10, 2007 Developer: Valve Publisher: ValveThe Engineer, alongside the Pyro, Heavy, and Medic, is one of four Team Fortress 2 -based Familiars in Dungeon Defenders. The Engineer's uniform is wearable by the Combat Girl in Super Monday Night Combat. The Engineer's uniform makes an appearance in Tiny Tower.Man, we want to talk about this gun more, but we can't get over how much your dog sucks. — Big Kill publicity blurb. ”. The Big Kill is a promotional secondary weapon for the Spy. It is based on the oversized .44 revolver used by Sam from the Sam & Max franchise. This weapon functions identically to the Revolver.In 2007, a video was uploaded to valve's official account for TF2 ... Team Fortress Wiki is a FANDOM Games Community. View Full Site.The Summer 2021 Pack was the in-game release of several items selected by Valve from the Steam Workshop due to their outstanding quality. It was released with the June 22, 2021 Patch and added a total of 18 new cosmetic items and 6 new Unusual effects, obtainable from Summer 2021 Cosmetic Cases that could be opened with a Summer 2021 Cosmetic Key .Achievements. For tips and strategies on how to complete these achievements, refer to the Obtaining Spy achievements page. A Cut Above. Kill a gun -wielding Spy with your knife . Agent Provocateur. Backstab your Steam Community friends 10 times. Burn Notice. Survive 30 seconds after being ignited while cloaked . Come in From the Cold.December 20, 2007 Patch. The Medic's Medi Gun now charges at an increased rate during Setup time, to remove the need for self-damage grinding. Fixed exploit where this weapon's ÜberCharge wouldn't drain if you switched weapons. Fixed a rare crash that can happen when a player being healed leaves the server suddenly.A Reggaelator drop. The item drop system is the process of item distribution within Team Fortress 2. It distributes a random item to players on a regular basis until a weekly time-cap is reached. This system was first introduced with the Sniper vs. Spy Update to change distribution from being dependent upon achievements.December 20, 2007 Patch. Fixed critical bullet tracers not being visible to players other than the firer. February 14, 2008 Patch. Added a small delay (200 ms) before a zoomed Sniper shot can get a critical hit. July 10, 2020 - TF2 Official Blog updated. TF2 Fight Songs Album is Getting a Free Expansion Pack Valve updated Fight Songs: The Music of Team Fortress 2 with 3 new …Your Eternal Reward is a community-created melee weapon for the Spy. It is a long, ornate dagger with distinctive oriental designs, a team-colored wooden handle, and a curved golden hilt. The other side of the handle, when holding the knife, has a crack in it. This weapon retains the instant-kill backstab ability of the Knife, but with some tweaks.For a step-by-step guide on setting up a basic Team Fortress 2 Windows Dedicated Server, see the Windows dedicated server page. This short tutorial will guide you on how to create a Dedicated Server for Team Fortress 2 on a Windows-based computer. The current tool used for doing this is the Steam Console Client Tool (or Steamcmd).Pyroland Contracts are free Contracts that, for the most part, promote and award the new Pyro Weapons from the Jungle Inferno Update, which are the new Pyro Class Pack promised from the outcome of the Meat Your Match Heavy vs. Pyro War! of the Meet Your Match Update. Activating any Pyroland Contract that requires use of one of the new Pyro ...On July 15, 2009, Valve introduced a set of official Team Fortress 2 -themed avatars. The official avatars are close-up pictures of each of the nine classes. On September 16, 2009, Valve introduced a second set of avatars which featured each of the nine classes, ÜberCharged. Official avatars can be chosen by editing your Steam Community ...The Horseless Headless Horsemann, the undead form of Silas Mann, is a neutral enemy that first appeared in Mann Manor and can now be found in several Halloween maps, both Valve-made and community-created. In Mann Manor, approximately every 8 minutes, he spawns at the currently contested control point and hunts down players from both teams ...Team Fortress 2 Nine distinct classes provide a broad range of tactical abilities and personalities. Constantly updated with new game modes, maps, equipment …TF2 didn't start with a lot of story. There wasn't room for one. But as the updates got more ambitious, we found the perfect way to explore the mercs' world: comics. Over the years, the comics have spawned ancillary characters, then assistants to the ancillary characters. Companies mentioned in passing became global empires three generations old. A Bot or BOT is a computer-controlled player on a server. There are two types of bots in Team Fortress 2: AI bots and Puppet bots. AI bots are coded with sophisticated artificial intelligence designed to emulate player actions in game, and can be used without enabling cheats. Puppet bots have no AI coding, but are useful for testing and training.The Pip-Boy is a promotional cosmetic item for the Engineer. It is based on the Pip-Boy 3000 from the video games Fallout 3 and Fallout: New Vegas; a wrist-mounted computer device with a green- glowing monochrome screen, and several buttons and a knob. On the screen is a unique version of the Engineer that is posed and styled similarly to Vault ...TF2 didn't start with a lot of story. There wasn't room for one. But as the updates got more ambitious, we found the perfect way to explore the mercs' world: comics. Over the years, the comics have spawned ancillary characters, then assistants to the ancillary characters. Companies mentioned in passing became global empires three generations old.Mann Co. Supply Crates are tool items obtainable through the item drop system. They are shown as open-style wooden shipping crates, wrapped in chains held with a large padlock. Mann Co. Supply Crates can be opened with the use of a Mann Co. Supply Crate Key. Anything unboxed using an untradable key becomes tradable on the …Team Fortress 2 is a 2007 multiplayer first-person shooter game developed and published by Valve Corporation. It is the sequel to the 1996 Team Fortress mod ...Administrator responses. Administrator responses are contextually triggered lines that play after something important happens in a match, for instance when the Intelligence has been picked up or how many seconds of the game there are left. All of the Administrator 's lines can be heard below. The Machina ( /ˈmɑːkiːnə/ or /ˈmækɨnə/ mah-kee-nə [1]) is a community-created promotional primary weapon for the Sniper. It is based on the Longsword 202 ERASER from the video game Deus Ex: Human Revolution; a futuristic sniper rifle with a fluted barrel and a soft grip. Compared to the Sniper Rifle, a fully charged shot fired by …EWWWWEUGH! The Pyrovision Goggles are a cosmetic item for all classes. They are a pair of goggles with round lenses and the term "Optical Mask" printed in between them, reminiscent of the Pyro 's gas mask. Bits of the Pyroland landscape can be seen reflected on the lenses. When equipped, players are able to see in Pyrovision; map …Halloween event. Terrorizing RED and BLU alike, the Horseless Headless Horsemann was the first Team Fortress 2 Boss monster introduced in a Halloween event. The Halloween event, also known as Scream Fortress, is an annual event for the month of October and several days into November, a time when enchantments, hauntings, and family curses fall ...Achievements are in-game challenges and goals that allow players to be rewarded for specific actions while playing. Many achievements encourage players to learn particular TF2 gameplay techniques (e.g., Jumping ), try new weapons (e.g., Backscatter ), or try new maps (e.g., Process ). There are sets of general achievements, achievements for ...On July 15, 2009, Valve introduced a set of official Team Fortress 2 -themed avatars. The official avatars are close-up pictures of each of the nine classes. On September 16, 2009, Valve introduced a second set of avatars which featured each of the nine classes, ÜberCharged. Official avatars can be chosen by editing your Steam Community ... The Administrator, whose given name is Helen, [1] who was also originally known as Announcer or The Voice [2] because of the character's role as Announcer, manages the affairs of both the RED and BLU companies and their teams of mercenaries, as well as TF Industries. She is the source of the mysterious, disembodied female voice that issues ... Cheats. Not to be confused with Cheating, which are third-party programs designed to give the user an advantage over the other players. Cheatin' only gets ya so far. There are a number of cheats players can use on servers set to sv_cheats 1. Cheats can be used for a variety of applications.The Chicken Kiev is a community-created cosmetic item for the Heavy. It replaces the Heavy's head with that of a team-colored Red Army Robin . The head comes with fully-enabled facial flexing for voice commands and responses, and equipping it enables additional voice lines . This item can only be worn around Halloween or during a Full Moon; at ...EWWWWEUGH! The Pyrovision Goggles are a cosmetic item for all classes. They are a pair of goggles with round lenses and the term "Optical Mask" printed in between them, reminiscent of the Pyro 's gas mask. Bits of the Pyroland landscape can be seen reflected on the lenses. When equipped, players are able to see in Pyrovision; map …The Toowoomba Tunic is a community-created cosmetic item for the Demoman and Sniper. It is a team-colored tunic with a thick collar, black trim and white stitching on the sleeves, that replaces the default undershirt. When equipped on the Demoman, this item adds a sword sheath strapped to his back. When equipped on the Sniper, it also adds a ...Dec 17, 2010 · The Backpack Expander is a tool item that appears as a backpack held together with four straps that has a Description Tag, Heavy Duty Rag, two Mann Co. Supply Crate Keys, and three Huntsman arrows protruding from it, along with a Sandman strapped on top. When used, it grants 100 extra slots, or two full pages, to the user's in-game backpack. Oct 5, 2021 · Welcome to Graveyard, a fresh, spooky new take on Lumberyard! When you die, your spirit leaves your body, haunting your enemies and healing your allies! Track your teammates through walls, fly to their position, and float around their body to provide the benefits of a level 1 dispenser! Will you group up and stack heals on a strong player, or ... The Demoman is a self-described black Scottish cyclops and a scrumpy -swilling demolitions expert from Ullapool, Scotland, who is one of the most versatile members of the team. A master of explosives, the Demoman strategically deals massive amounts of indirect and mid-range splash damage. The Spycrab is a community-created promotional cosmetic item for the Spy. It adds a crab with a team-colored balaclava and cigarette, styled after the Spy, which sits on his left shoulder. The balaclava goes over the crab's legs and pincers, which grow out the top of its head. When players equipped with this item kill an enemy unassisted by ...The Force-A-Nature shares the Scattergun's increased positive damage ramp up of 175%. Overall, it deals slightly more damage than the Scattergun, spread over a greater number of pellets; 0.9× damage per pellet times 1.2× amount of pellets equals 1.08 times normal damage. However, the low ammo capacity results in more frequent reloads and a ...The Frying Pan is a promotional melee weapon for all classes with the exception of the Engineer and the Spy. It is based on the Frying Pan from the video game Left 4 Dead 2; a seasoned cast-iron skillet with a small dent on the underside. This weapon functions identically to the wielder's default melee weapon, but with an added cosmetic ...Insomnia65 August 12, 2019 - TF2 Team. The biggest event on the Competitive TF2 calendar is back again! Teams and players from around the entire world will be heading to the National Exhibition Centre in …The Summer 2021 Pack was the in-game release of several items selected by Valve from the Steam Workshop due to their outstanding quality. It was released with the June 22, 2021 Patch and added a total of 18 new cosmetic items and 6 new Unusual effects, obtainable from Summer 2021 Cosmetic Cases that could be opened with a Summer 2021 Cosmetic Key .Saxton Hale is a daring Australian, President and CEO of Mann Co., the star of many comics series, and the playable boss character in Versus Saxton Hale. He is considered the fourth richest man in the USA. He was the sixth richest man in the US, but surpassed the fifth by wealth and the fourth by killing him in a harpoon duel. December 20, 2007 Patch. Fixed critical bullet tracers not being visible to players other than the firer. February 14, 2008 Patch. Added a small delay (200 ms) before a zoomed Sniper shot can get a critical hit. The original Team Fortress 2 Halloween map, Harvest Event . A Halloween map, also known as Halloween-themed map, Haunted map, or Event, is any one of a series of Team Fortress 2 maps released specifically for activation during annual Halloween events, during which these maps are hosted by Valve 's Team Fortress 2 servers with Halloween mode ...December 20, 2007 Patch. Fixed critical bullet tracers not being visible to players other than the firer. February 14, 2008 Patch. Added a small delay (200 ms) before a zoomed Sniper shot can get a critical hit.Changed the damage dealt by Zombie Soldier's Stomp. In the previous update, Soldier would instantly kill his stomp target. This was not intended. The new damage calculation is (10 + fall damage x 3). This is the same as the Mantreads. Changed the Sentry Gun to deal 40% damage to Zombies. The voice commands are a communication feature that consists in pre-defined calls, usually used to quickly communicate with the team or call for help. When used, they are spoken in the voice of the player class, and may also include a hand gesture (not visible to players themselves). The voice commands are divided into three separate menus ...Scream Fortress 2021 or Scream Fortress XIII was the, The Baby Face's Blaster is a community-created primary weapon for the Scout. It is a short, slight, Team Fortress 2 - Comics TF2 didn't start with a lot of story. There wasn't ro, With the May 1, 2020 Patch, Valve commenced a month-long tribute to Rick May., Rocko is a community-created cosmetic item for the Sniper, Your Eternal Reward is a community-created melee weap, A Shell of a Mann. Scream Fortress X. Smissmas 2018. Aim Assistant. Defragmenting Hard Hat 17%. Dell in the Shell., The Dead Ringer is an unlockable PDA weapon for the, The Southern Hospitality is a community-created melee wea, The TF2 Community enjoys making new wallpapers. This is a collection o, Jun 14, 2011 · The Spiral Sallet ( /'spaɪræl/ /', Team Fortress® 2 (TF2) is the sequel to the game that put c, TF2 didn't start with a lot of story. There was, On July 15, 2009, Valve introduced a set of official Team Fortress, Pyroland Contracts are free Contracts that, for the most part, promo, Team Fortress Wiki is a FANDOM Games Community. View Mobile Si, RGB LAN 6 Feb 16 - 18. cpTV Summer Brawl 2024 Jan 13 - , The Machina ( /ˈmɑːkiːnə/ or /ˈmækɨnə/ mah-kee-nə [1]) is a.